{"id":881,"date":"2022-07-18T11:41:04","date_gmt":"2022-07-18T11:41:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lymberopoulos-lab.gr\/?page_id=881"},"modified":"2024-10-16T12:23:09","modified_gmt":"2024-10-16T12:23:09","slug":"leitourgikos-elegxos-spermatos","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lymberopoulos-lab.gr\/en\/leitourgikos-elegxos-spermatos\/","title":{"rendered":"Sperm function tests"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"881\" class=\"elementor elementor-881\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ab2212d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ab2212d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a1d736\" data-id=\"1a1d736\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5f7d43e elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5f7d43e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-959c97a\" data-id=\"959c97a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b3de4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9b3de4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sperm function tests <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a72dc63\" data-id=\"a72dc63\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d02885c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d02885c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f1bee8\" data-id=\"2f1bee8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-c055d5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c055d5f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d763dfc\" data-id=\"d763dfc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6de02a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6de02a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Functional sperm control in our laboratory\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-796efb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"796efb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The comprehensive assessment of the male infertility factor requires the performance of a thorough laboratory examination of the male sperm. Apart from the conventional semen parameters, included in the basic semen analysis (spermiogram), modern scientific research provides a series of laboratory tests, which focus on the assessment of the functionality of spermatozoa and their potential insemination capability.<\/p><p>\u00a0Such selected laboratory tests enable a more thorough assessment of the functional condition of the male sperm and contribute to:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b521e1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_circle_number_widget\" data-id=\"b521e1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_circle_number_widget.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n<!-- start Number Box -->\n<style>\/* widget: Number Box *\/\n\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_b521e1e .circle_number_widget_layout\n{\n  display:flex;\n       align-items:center;\n  }\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_b521e1e .circle_number_widget\n{\n  display:inline-flex;\n  align-items:center;\n  justify-content:center;\n  position:relative;\n  transform:rotate(0deg);\n    }\n\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_b521e1e .circle_number_text\n{\n  transform:rotate(-0deg);\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_b521e1e .ue-number-container, #uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_b521e1e .ue-spacing\n{\n  flex-grow:0;\n  flex-shrink:0;\n}\n\n.circle_number_widget\n{\n  font-size:32px;\n}\n.ue-title\n{\n  font-size:21px;\n}\n\n\n@keyframes pulseuc_circle_number_widget_elementor_b521e1e {\n\t 0% {\n\t\ttransform: scale(0.95);\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 0 0 #b6b6b6;\n\t}\n\t\n\t70% {\n\t\ttransform: scale(1);\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 0 20px #b6b6b6;\n\t}\n\t\n\t100% {\n\t\ttransform: scale(0.95);\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 0 0 #b6b6b6;\n\t}\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div id=\"uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_b521e1e\" class=\"circle_number_widget_container\">\n  \n        <div class=\"circle_number_widget_layout\">\n      \n    <div class=\"ue-number-container\"> \n    <div class=\"circle_number_widget\">\n      <div class=\"circle_number_text\">01<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"ue-spacing\"><\/div>\n        \n    <div class=\"ue-widget-content\">\n        <div class=\"ue-description\">A more comprehensive investigation of the possible causes of male infertility \u2013 particularly in cases where the basic semen analysis does not indicate any disorder<\/div>    <\/div>\n  \n  \n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<!-- end Number Box -->\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f687d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_circle_number_widget\" data-id=\"6f687d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_circle_number_widget.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n<!-- start Number Box -->\n<style>\/* widget: Number Box *\/\n\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_6f687d9 .circle_number_widget_layout\n{\n  display:flex;\n       align-items:center;\n  }\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_6f687d9 .circle_number_widget\n{\n  display:inline-flex;\n  align-items:center;\n  justify-content:center;\n  position:relative;\n  transform:rotate(0deg);\n    }\n\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_6f687d9 .circle_number_text\n{\n  transform:rotate(-0deg);\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_6f687d9 .ue-number-container, #uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_6f687d9 .ue-spacing\n{\n  flex-grow:0;\n  flex-shrink:0;\n}\n\n.circle_number_widget\n{\n  font-size:32px;\n}\n.ue-title\n{\n  font-size:21px;\n}\n\n\n@keyframes pulseuc_circle_number_widget_elementor_6f687d9 {\n\t 0% {\n\t\ttransform: scale(0.95);\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 0 0 #b6b6b6;\n\t}\n\t\n\t70% {\n\t\ttransform: scale(1);\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 0 20px #b6b6b6;\n\t}\n\t\n\t100% {\n\t\ttransform: scale(0.95);\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 0 0 #b6b6b6;\n\t}\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div id=\"uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_6f687d9\" class=\"circle_number_widget_container\">\n  \n        <div class=\"circle_number_widget_layout\">\n      \n    <div class=\"ue-number-container\"> \n    <div class=\"circle_number_widget\">\n      <div class=\"circle_number_text\">02<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"ue-spacing\"><\/div>\n        \n    <div class=\"ue-widget-content\">\n        <div class=\"ue-description\">The selection of the most suitable therapeutic strategiesdepending on the diagnosed disorder<\/div>    <\/div>\n  \n  \n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<!-- end Number Box -->\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bb9355 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_circle_number_widget\" data-id=\"2bb9355\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_circle_number_widget.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n<!-- start Number Box -->\n<style>\/* widget: Number Box *\/\n\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2bb9355 .circle_number_widget_layout\n{\n  display:flex;\n       align-items:center;\n  }\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2bb9355 .circle_number_widget\n{\n  display:inline-flex;\n  align-items:center;\n  justify-content:center;\n  position:relative;\n  transform:rotate(0deg);\n    }\n\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2bb9355 .circle_number_text\n{\n  transform:rotate(-0deg);\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2bb9355 .ue-number-container, #uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2bb9355 .ue-spacing\n{\n  flex-grow:0;\n  flex-shrink:0;\n}\n\n.circle_number_widget\n{\n  font-size:32px;\n}\n.ue-title\n{\n  font-size:21px;\n}\n\n\n@keyframes pulseuc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2bb9355 {\n\t 0% {\n\t\ttransform: scale(0.95);\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 0 0 #b6b6b6;\n\t}\n\t\n\t70% {\n\t\ttransform: scale(1);\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 0 20px #b6b6b6;\n\t}\n\t\n\t100% {\n\t\ttransform: scale(0.95);\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 0 0 #b6b6b6;\n\t}\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div id=\"uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2bb9355\" class=\"circle_number_widget_container\">\n  \n        <div class=\"circle_number_widget_layout\">\n      \n    <div class=\"ue-number-container\"> \n    <div class=\"circle_number_widget\">\n      <div class=\"circle_number_text\">03<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"ue-spacing\"><\/div>\n        \n    <div class=\"ue-widget-content\">\n        <div class=\"ue-description\">The evaluation of effectiveness of therapeutic regimes<\/div>    <\/div>\n  \n  \n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<!-- end Number Box -->\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2914d44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_circle_number_widget\" data-id=\"2914d44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_circle_number_widget.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\n<!-- start Number Box -->\n<style>\/* widget: Number Box *\/\n\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2914d44 .circle_number_widget_layout\n{\n  display:flex;\n       align-items:center;\n  }\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2914d44 .circle_number_widget\n{\n  display:inline-flex;\n  align-items:center;\n  justify-content:center;\n  position:relative;\n  transform:rotate(0deg);\n    }\n\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2914d44 .circle_number_text\n{\n  transform:rotate(-0deg);\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n#uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2914d44 .ue-number-container, #uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2914d44 .ue-spacing\n{\n  flex-grow:0;\n  flex-shrink:0;\n}\n\n.circle_number_widget\n{\n  font-size:32px;\n}\n.ue-title\n{\n  font-size:21px;\n}\n\n\n@keyframes pulseuc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2914d44 {\n\t 0% {\n\t\ttransform: scale(0.95);\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 0 0 #b6b6b6;\n\t}\n\t\n\t70% {\n\t\ttransform: scale(1);\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 0 20px #b6b6b6;\n\t}\n\t\n\t100% {\n\t\ttransform: scale(0.95);\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 0 0 #b6b6b6;\n\t}\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div id=\"uc_circle_number_widget_elementor_2914d44\" class=\"circle_number_widget_container\">\n  \n        <div class=\"circle_number_widget_layout\">\n      \n    <div class=\"ue-number-container\"> \n    <div class=\"circle_number_widget\">\n      <div class=\"circle_number_text\">04<\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n          <div class=\"ue-spacing\"><\/div>\n        \n    <div class=\"ue-widget-content\">\n        <div class=\"ue-description\">The provision of prognostic information regarding the success rates of the reproductive attempt (natural or assisted)<\/div>    <\/div>\n  \n  \n    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<!-- end Number Box -->\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-440eb21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"440eb21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>The sperm function tests, regardless of the conventional spermatological profile, are an additional diagnostic tool enabling clinical doctors to provide better guidance to sub-fertile couples. There is no single laboratory test that may define, with full certainty,if a sperm is fertile or infertile. It is the combination of laboratory analyzes that indicates the fertility potential of the examined sperm.<\/strong> <strong><del> <\/strong><\/p><p class=\" translation-block\">The G. Lyberopoulos Spermatology Laboratory applies the principles of quality control provided by the NATIONAL ACCREDITATION SYSTEM and reputed international entities such as the World Health Organisation and the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology ESHREI. It participates in an External Quality Control System under the auspices of the Andrological Laboratory of the University of Karolinska, Sweden.<\/p><p>As part of the diagnostic services provided, the Laboratory performs the following sperm function tests, which provide information on the spermatozoa potential fertilization ability.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e0cede\" data-id=\"6e0cede\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b805a4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"b805a4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1921\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1921\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">DNA associated male infertility (DNA Fragmentation Test, Chromatin Integrity Test)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1921\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1921\"><p>The impact of the male DNA damage on the reproductive effort has been correlated with the difficulty of fertilization and\/or the creation of poor quality embryos. The combined assessment:<\/p><p class=\" translation-block\"><del><\/p><p><strong>A. Chromatin Integrity Test<\/strong><\/p><p>Chromatin is the structural complex of DNA and proteins that constitute the genetic material of spermatozoon in the form of chromosomes. The presence of granular (immature) or hyperoxidised (hyperstabilised) chromatin indicates a disorder during the packaging of the genetic material in the nucleus of spermatozoa, which has been associated with negative effects on the fertilization potential.<\/p><p><strong>B.<\/strong> <strong>DNA Fragmentation Test:<\/strong><\/p><p>The DNA molecule is in the form of a coiled double helix that is structurally stabilized by lateral bonds. If the bonds brake, the helix becomes unstable. The structural distortion in the sperm DNA, known as \u2018Fragmentation\u2019, is a measurable feature of its functionality that is not reflected in any of the conventional spermatological parameters (motility, concentration, morphology etc.). Men with spermatological parameters within the reference values, may still have a high DNA Fragmentation Index.<\/p><p>According to extensive scientific research, the integrity of the sperm DNA molecule has been associated with the quality and\/or viability of embryos, mainly during the early stages of division (4- to 8-cell and more). DNA Fragmentation Index of high value is correlated to the negative outcome of reproductive effort, regardless of the applied fertilization method (normal, IUI, IVF, ICSI), through:<\/p><ul><li>The reduction of sperm fertility<\/li><li>The fetal growth inhibition<\/li><li>Their implantation failure (miscarriage).<\/li><\/ul><p>The main factors responsible for the high levels of sperm DNA fragmentation are:<\/p><ul><li>Exposure to chemicals, toxic substances, radiation or high temperature<\/li><li>Air pollution<\/li><li>The use of medicines<\/li><li>Varicocele, testicular cancer, inflammation or high fever<\/li><li>Increased testicular temperature<\/li><li>Smoking<\/li><li>Poor nutrition<\/li><li>Advanced age of man<\/li><li>Any process that causes oxidative stress.<\/li><\/ul><p>The assessment of the sperm DNA Fragmentation Index is mainly recommended in cases of:<\/p><ul><li>Long-term unexplained infertility<\/li><li>Low fertilization rates or poor quality embryos in IVF cycles<\/li><li>Failure of implantation following IVF<\/li><li>Recurrent miscarriage<\/li><li>Long-term exposure to agents that are toxic to fertility<\/li><li>Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia<\/li><li>Advanced age of man<\/li><\/ul><p>In addition, it provides a complete evaluation of the male fertilization potential during infertility investigation. The test can be particularly useful:<\/p><ul><li>while monitoring the effectiveness of anti-oxidant schemes in sperm enhancement<\/li><li>post-operational rehabilitation of varicocele<\/li><\/ul><p>while assessing sperm quality of men who have received strong cytotoxic treatment.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1922\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1922\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Sperm Oxidative Stress Test<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1922\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1922\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/lymberopoulos-lab.gr\/en\/oxeidotiko-stress\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oxidative stress<\/a> stress is one of the main factors of infertility and results from the imbalance between free oxygen radicals ROS and antioxidants in sperm.\u00a0<br \/>Oxygen free radicals are important for the normal function of spermatozoa as they contribute to the acrosome reaction, spermatozoa maturation and fertilizing ability, however high concentration of ROS leads to oxidative stress and spermatozoa are particularly sensitive to this as they lack a fully organized antioxidant system. High ROS levels have been linked to increased DNA fragmentation, reduced motility<br \/>of sperm, reduced fertilizing ability, increase in morphologically abnormal sperm, as well as reduced sperm-egg interaction.<br \/>Therefore, the measurement of the value of oxidative stress becomes necessary, in order for the examinee to receive, if necessary, the appropriate antioxidant<br \/>treatment<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1923\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1923\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Test Isolation of the Best Sperm (Sperm Purification\/Activation Test) and the Study of their longevity in culture material for one or more 24 hours.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1923\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1923\"><ul><li><strong><u>Sperm activation test <\/u><\/strong><strong><u>:<\/u><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>Sperm activation aims to isolate spermatozoa from the seminal fluid which includes extra leukocytes, epithelial cells, immotile\/morphologically abnormal\/immature spermatozoa and micro-organisms, with the ultimate aim of obtaining a spermatozoa population that is at its highest possible percentage alive , with propulsive motion and normal morphology.<\/p><p>\u00a0Sperm activation can also be used as a diagnostic tool by the clinician to assess the performance of the sample after its activation and to be able to decide on the suitability of the sample for normal conception, for insemination or to decide whether it is suitable only for use in IVF.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul><li><strong><u>Sperm longevity<\/u><\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>Longevity describes how long sperm motility is maintained over time. In vitro analysis of sperm longevity can provide information regarding the potential fertilizing ability of sperm and help coordinate intercourse with ovulation.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1924\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1924\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Sperm vitality\u2013membrane integrity assessment<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1924\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1924\"><p><span lang=\"EL\">The separation of immotile spermatozoa in a sample into live and dead is of crucial importance, especially in cases with a high percentage of immotile spermatozoa.<\/span><\/p><p><span lang=\"EL\">The control of the integrity and normal membrane function of the spermatozoa is evaluated through the Hypo-osmotic Swelling Test (HOS test).<\/span><\/p><p><span lang=\"EL\">Regarding the outcome of the reproductive effort, high values of the index constitute positive prognostic information. Conversely, in cases of presence of low levels of the indicator, the probability of in vivo conception is significantly reduced. Even when applying classic IVF, although fertilization rates do not seem to be affected, the chance of pregnancy remains low. In such cases, assisted reproduction shows better results with the ICSI method.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1925\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1925\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Spermatozoa motility assessment in cervical mucus<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1925\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1925\"><p>One of the important functional properties of sperm, is cervical mucus penetration, which directly depends on the spermatozoa motility and\/or morphology, as well as certain kinematic parameters. The results of penetration tests provide:<\/p><ul><li>A direct indication of the sperm ability to penetrate the cervical cavity, the first step towards fertilization, and consequently an assessment of the probability to achieve normal conception<\/li><li>An indirect indication of the sperm\u2019s fertility potential, basedon the significant correlation of cervical mucus penetration with the egg fertilization<\/li><\/ul><p>Cervical mucus penetration failure a cause of subfertility that may result from:<\/p><ol><li>disorders related to spermatozoa motility and\/or morphology<\/li><li>the presence of an immunological agent, i.e. anti-sperm antibodies<\/li><li>the poor quality of cervical mucus<\/li><\/ol><p class=\" translation-block\">The relevant laboratory tests performed at the Spermatology Laboratory include:<\/p><ul><li>Quality assessment of cervical mucus, according to WHO guidelines<\/li><li>In vivo assessment of the cervical mucus penetration by spermatozoa after intercourse (Sims-Huhner test)<\/li><li>In vitro assessment of the cervical mucus penetration by spermatozoa<ul><li>Microscope slide method (Kurzrok-Miller test)<\/li><li>\u0388\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2-\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Sperm \u2013 cervical mucus contact test<\/li><\/ul><p>The ad hoc suitable laboratory tests regarding the interaction of sperm and cervical mucus are indicated in cooperation with the attending doctor.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1926\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1926\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Acrosome function test<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1926\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1926\">The acrosome reaction performed by spermatozoa when approaching the egg is an essential requirement for fertilization, due to the released enzymes that facilitate the egg penetration by the spermatozoon. This process is the final stage of spermatozoa maturity, known as capacitation, and is induced by the increased concentration of intracellular calcium.\n<br>\nThe artificialinductionoftheprocessfollowed by microscopic observation with immun of luorescence, defines the percentage of live spermatozoa, in which acrosome loss has occurred. Low spermatozoa responseto this laboratory process has been associated with low rates of in vivo and in vitro fertilization.\n<br>\nThe assessment focuses on investigating the causes of fertility failure or long-term infertility, regardless of the findings of a conventional semen analysis.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1927\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1927\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti-spermantibodies test<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1927\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1927\"><p>The presence of anti-sperm antibodies is related to infertility in 9-13% of couples unable to conceive. Anti-sperm antibodies may be present in either one or both partners. A complete immunological examination of infertile couples includes screening for the detection of the two most important anti-sperm immunoglobulins, IgG and IgA, in spermatozoa or sperm fluid and blood serum of men, as well as in cervical mucus or blood serum of women.<\/p><p>Thedegree the anti-spermantibodies affect the fertilization processdependson:<\/p><ul><li>The antibodies class<\/li><li>The binding site of the antibodies on the surface of the sperm cells (type of agglutination)<\/li><li>The antibodies titer<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The tests applied in the Spermatology Laboratory include:<\/p><ul><li>IgG \u2013 MAR test<\/li><li>Direct immunobead test for detecting anti-sperm antibodies on spermatozoa<\/li><li>Indirect immunobead test for detecting anti-sperm antibodies in semen<\/li><li>Detection of anti-sperm antibodies in cervical mucus<\/li><\/ul><p>Titration of anti-sperm antibodies that cause agglutinations (Friberg test)<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1928\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1928\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Sperm-Hyaluronan binding assay<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1928\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1928\"><p>The success of anassisted reproductive attempt strongly dependsonthe selection of the best spermatozoa in terms of quality. This step plays an important role, mainly when applying the ICSI method, where individual spermatozoa are selected and injected directly to the eggs.<\/p><p>According to a variety of modern studies, mature and functional spermatozoa that are capable of being attached to the zona pellucidaof the egg, also have the ability to bind to special hyaluronic acid polymers. Therefore, the sperm-hyaluronan binding test provides clinical doctors with the necessary information for the selection of the most suitable assisted reproduction method (IUI, IVF, ICSI) in view of optimizing the success rate.<\/p><p>It is a laboratory test that identifies the percentage of the best quality spermatozoa in the semen sample, which are then isolatedand used in assisted reproduction methods, with:<\/p><ul><li>significantly lower frequency of disomies and diploidies<\/li><li>low DNA fragmentation levels<\/li><li>fewer cytoplasmatic residues<\/li><li>fewer histones and apoptotic markers<\/li><li>high levels of cellular maturation markers<\/li><li>better motility and morphology as per Tygerberg.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1929\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1929\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Ecm1<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1929\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1929\"><p>10% of infertile men are diagnosed with azoospermia. Azoopermia is defined as the complete absence of spermatozoa in the seminal fluid.<br \/>This clinical condition requires a special investigation and therapeutic strategy.<br \/>Azoospermia is divided into obstructive and non-obstructive. This distinction between the two categories is decisive both for the man himself and for the clinician for the further management of each case.<br \/>The use of biomarkers in recent years presents advantages in terms of diagnosis and the selection of appropriate treatment.<br \/>Biomarkers are molecules in a biological system with prognostic value. Differences in their concentration are associated with disturbances in the orderly functioning of this system.<br \/>The use of biomarkers in the investigation of male infertility is an innovation.<br \/>The ECM1 biomarker is a protein expressed in high concentration in epididymal tissue. It contributes to the maintenance of tissue integrity through interaction with a variety of structural and extracellular proteins. The measurement of the levels of the biomarker ECM1, which can now be performed in an andrological laboratory, helps to distinguish obstructive from non-obstructive azoospermia.<br \/>Since the development of surgical techniques for obtaining spermatozoa from the male genital system makes it possible to obtain offspring, in azoospermic men the examination of ECM1 levels can be an important tool for the detailed investigation and proper management of these cases.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u039b\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u0388\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u039f 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